What is in that sludge being applied to fields all over America?
DIY searches
--(searches 60+ databases and 2200+ websites from 15 Federal agenices) Science.gov
Overview
Sewage Sludge Contents/Tip of Iceberg lists heavy metals, pathogens, synthetic chemicals, hydrocarbons, petrochemicals & organochlorines, pharmaceuticals, steroids and hormones.
-- Sludge Facts - Partial List of Hazardous Waste That Can Legally Be Discharged Into Sewage Treatment Plants
Chemicals
-- The 25 Chemicals Found in all Nine of the Biosolids Studied (chemical chart found on the USGS website derived from the Kinney study cited below)
-- Survey of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Biosolids Destined for Land Application (Kinney, Furlong, Zaugg et al, 2006) the chemicals found in every single biosolids sample were carbamazapine (antiepileptic drug);diphenhydramine (antihistamine drug); fluoxetine (antidepressant drug); d-limonene, tonalide(AHTN), galaxolide(HHCB), indole (fragrance compounds); 4-tert-octylphenol,para-nnylphenol-total, para-nonylphenol-total,nonylphenol,monoethoxy-total, nonylphenol dithoxy-total, (detergent metabolites);bisphenol A(fire retardant); 3-beta-coprostanol,cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmastanol (steroids), phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons); phenol, triclosan (disinfectant chemicals); diethylhexyl phthalate (plasticizer); para-cresol (preservative), skatol (fecal indicator)
--Chemicals from Land-Applied Biosolids Persist in Soil (USGS page re the 2014 Yager study lined below)
--(USGS page with links) Household Chemicals and Drugs Found in Biosolids from Wastewater Treatment Plants
--Dissipation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Biosolids Applied to Nonirrigated Farmland in Eastern Colorado (Yager, JAWRA April 2014) " indicates that some CECs are sufficiently persistent and mobile to be vertically transported into the soil column following biosolids applications to the land surface, even in semiarid regions."
--(hormone steroids) Occurrence and Fate of Hormone Steroids in the Environment Environment International 28 (2002) 545-551 "In many countries, biosolids, recycled water and animal waste, which contain hormone steroids are often applied to agricultural land." (tag industry sludge, sewage sludge)
--(USGS page re Yang study in Environmental Science and Technology) Hormones in Land-Applied Biosolids Could Affect Aquatic Organisms
--(nitrogen, phosphorus) State Sues Tyson Foods for polluting $536,000 in fines sought" The Baltimore Sun July 24 1998 "The company injected the sludge as much as eight inches underground, where it posed the risk of contaminating ground water with nitrate, a nitrogen by-product that is potentially poisonous to humans and livestock." (tag Tyson Foods, Industrial Sludge, Maryland, Nitrate)
Nano-technology
Uptake basics: How can nanomaterials enter the body or the environment?
Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Ce02 and Zn0 nanoparticles through the life cycle of Corn by Lijuan Zhao et al, pub Feb 3 2015 Environ Sci Technol. c American Chemical Society
Nanoparticles enter soybean plants from farm soil, Canada Free Press Feb 6 2013, discussion American Chemical Society, Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey (re nanoparticles entering food chain) In Situ Syncrotron X-ray Fluorescence Mapping and Speciation of Ce02 and Zn0 nanoparticles in soil cultivated soybean (glycine max) pub Jan 15 2013
Nano-Exposed: A Citizen's Guide to Nanotechnology, Dec 2010, an excellent brochure that explains nano-technology. A good place to start. Center for Food Safety website (tag nano-technology, nanoparticles)
Uptake, translocation, and accumulation of manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles by pumpkin plants by Zhu et al, J. Environ. Monit., 2008
Nanoparticles in the Lung: Environmental Exposure and Drug Delivery, book by Akira Tsuda and Peter Gehr (editors) published Jan 8 2015 (tag airborne nanoparticles)
Review of Nanomaterials in Agriculture highlights multiple risks and uncertainties Emerging Tech Project, Sept 22 2014 "Exposure pathways (of ENMs) include biosolids applied to agricultural land..."
Interactions Between Engineered Nanomaterials and Agricultural Crops: Implications for Food Safety Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, Aug 8, 2014 Volume 15 issue 8 pp. 552-572
Pharmaceuticals
Uptake of human pharmaceuticals and personal care products by cabbage from fortified and biosolids-amended soils by Holling et al, J. Environ. Monit., 2012
Microbeads/Plastics
Image gallery: Analysing microplastics in water samples, "To be able to detect and classify particles in wastewater as well as in sewage sludge, researchers from the Alfred Wegener Institute employed micro-FTIR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy."
products containing microbeads, (microbeads can end up in sludge)
Microplastics in Wastewater & Sludge
Viruses
Ebola Virus Being Released to Atlanta Sewage Treatment Plant, Also Omaha, Houston, New York City by Jim Bynum, The Watchers, 8-5-2014, updated 10-24-14
No comments:
Post a Comment